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qBW dS (� ar "Executable documentation" for the pickle module.
Extensive comments about the pickle protocols and pickle-machine opcodes
can be found here. Some functions meant for external use:
genops(pickle)
Generate all the opcodes in a pickle, as (opcode, arg, position) triples.
dis(pickle, out=None, memo=None, indentlevel=4)
Print a symbolic disassembly of a pickle.
� N�dis�genops�optimize� � � � � c @ s e Zd ZdZdd� ZdS ) �ArgumentDescriptor�name�n�reader�docc C s` t |t�st�|| _t |t�r8|dks<|ttttt fks<t�|| _
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>>> import io
>>> read_uint1(io.BytesIO(b'\xff'))
255
r r z'not enough data in stream to read uint1N)�read�
ValueError)�f�datar r r �
read_uint1� s
r% �uint1zOne-byte unsigned integer.)r r r
r c C s0 | j d�}t|�dkr$td|�d S td��dS )z�
>>> import io
>>> read_uint2(io.BytesIO(b'\xff\x00'))
255
>>> read_uint2(io.BytesIO(b'\xff\xff'))
65535
r z<Hr z'not enough data in stream to read uint2N)r! �len�_unpackr" )r# r$ r r r �
read_uint2� s
r) �uint2z)Two-byte unsigned integer, little-endian.c C s0 | j d�}t|�dkr$td|�d S td��dS )z�
>>> import io
>>> read_int4(io.BytesIO(b'\xff\x00\x00\x00'))
255
>>> read_int4(io.BytesIO(b'\x00\x00\x00\x80')) == -(2**31)
True
r z<ir z¬ enough data in stream to read int4N)r! r' r( r" )r# r$ r r r � read_int4� s
r+ �int4z8Four-byte signed integer, little-endian, 2's complement.c C s0 | j d�}t|�dkr$td|�d S td��dS )z�
>>> import io
>>> read_uint4(io.BytesIO(b'\xff\x00\x00\x00'))
255
>>> read_uint4(io.BytesIO(b'\x00\x00\x00\x80')) == 2**31
True
r z<Ir z'not enough data in stream to read uint4N)r! r' r( r" )r# r$ r r r �
read_uint4 s
r- �uint4z*Four-byte unsigned integer, little-endian.c C s0 | j d�}t|�dkr$td|�d S td��dS )z�
>>> import io
>>> read_uint8(io.BytesIO(b'\xff\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'))
255
>>> read_uint8(io.BytesIO(b'\xff' * 8)) == 2**64-1
True
� z<Qr z'not enough data in stream to read uint8N)r! r' r( r" )r# r$ r r r �
read_uint8& s
r0 �uint8r/ z+Eight-byte unsigned integer, little-endian.Tc C s� | j � }|jd�std��|dd � }|rvxJd D ]6}|j|�r0|j|�sXtd||f ��|dd
� }P q0W td| ��|r�tj|�d jd
�}|S )au
>>> import io
>>> read_stringnl(io.BytesIO(b"'abcd'\nefg\n"))
'abcd'
>>> read_stringnl(io.BytesIO(b"\n"))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: no string quotes around b''
>>> read_stringnl(io.BytesIO(b"\n"), stripquotes=False)
''
>>> read_stringnl(io.BytesIO(b"''\n"))
''
>>> read_stringnl(io.BytesIO(b'"abcd"'))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: no newline found when trying to read stringnl
Embedded escapes are undone in the result.
>>> read_stringnl(io.BytesIO(br"'a\n\\b\x00c\td'" + b"\n'e'"))
'a\n\\b\x00c\td'
�
z-no newline found when trying to read stringnlNr � "� 'z,strinq quote %r not found at both ends of %rzno string quotes around %rr �ascii���)r3 r4 r6 )�readline�endswithr" �
startswith�codecs�
escape_decode�decode)r# r< � stripquotesr$ �qr r r �
read_stringnl; s
r? �stringnlz�A newline-terminated string.
This is a repr-style string, with embedded escapes, and
bracketing quotes.
c C s t | dd�S )NF)r= )r? )r# r r r �read_stringnl_noescapet s rA �stringnl_noescapea A newline-terminated string.
This is a str-style string, without embedded escapes,
or bracketing quotes. It should consist solely of
printable ASCII characters.
c C s dt | �t | �f S )zp
>>> import io
>>> read_stringnl_noescape_pair(io.BytesIO(b"Queue\nEmpty\njunk"))
'Queue Empty'
z%s %s)rA )r# r r r �read_stringnl_noescape_pair� s rC �stringnl_noescape_paira� A pair of newline-terminated strings.
These are str-style strings, without embedded
escapes, or bracketing quotes. They should
consist solely of printable ASCII characters.
The pair is returned as a single string, with
a single blank separating the two strings.
c C sL t | �}|dkst�| j|�}t|�|kr4|jd�S td|t|�f ��dS )z�
>>> import io
>>> read_string1(io.BytesIO(b"\x00"))
''
>>> read_string1(io.BytesIO(b"\x03abcdef"))
'abc'
r zlatin-1z2expected %d bytes in a string1, but only %d remainN)r% r r! r' r< r" )r# r r$ r r r � read_string1� s
rE �string1z�A counted string.
The first argument is a 1-byte unsigned int giving the number
of bytes in the string, and the second argument is that many
bytes.
c C sT t | �}|dk r td| ��| j|�}t|�|kr<|jd�S td|t|�f ��dS )aP
>>> import io
>>> read_string4(io.BytesIO(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00abc"))
''
>>> read_string4(io.BytesIO(b"\x03\x00\x00\x00abcdef"))
'abc'
>>> read_string4(io.BytesIO(b"\x00\x00\x00\x03abcdef"))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: expected 50331648 bytes in a string4, but only 6 remain
r zstring4 byte count < 0: %dzlatin-1z2expected %d bytes in a string4, but only %d remainN)r+ r" r! r' r< )r# r r$ r r r � read_string4� s
rG �string4z�A counted string.
The first argument is a 4-byte little-endian signed int giving
the number of bytes in the string, and the second argument is
that many bytes.
c C sF t | �}|dkst�| j|�}t|�|kr.|S td|t|�f ��dS )z�
>>> import io
>>> read_bytes1(io.BytesIO(b"\x00"))
b''
>>> read_bytes1(io.BytesIO(b"\x03abcdef"))
b'abc'
r z1expected %d bytes in a bytes1, but only %d remainN)r% r r! r' r" )r# r r$ r r r � read_bytes1� s
rI �bytes1z�A counted bytes string.
The first argument is a 1-byte unsigned int giving the number
of bytes in the string, and the second argument is that many
bytes.
c C sF t | �}|dkst�| j|�}t|�|kr.|S td|t|�f ��dS )z�
>>> import io
>>> read_bytes1(io.BytesIO(b"\x00"))
b''
>>> read_bytes1(io.BytesIO(b"\x03abcdef"))
b'abc'
r z1expected %d bytes in a bytes1, but only %d remainN)r% r r! r' r" )r# r r$ r r r rI � s
z�A counted bytes string.
The first argument is a 1-byte unsigned int giving the number
of bytes, and the second argument is that many bytes.
c C s\ t | �}|dkst�|tjkr*td| ��| j|�}t|�|krD|S td|t|�f ��dS )aN
>>> import io
>>> read_bytes4(io.BytesIO(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00abc"))
b''
>>> read_bytes4(io.BytesIO(b"\x03\x00\x00\x00abcdef"))
b'abc'
>>> read_bytes4(io.BytesIO(b"\x00\x00\x00\x03abcdef"))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: expected 50331648 bytes in a bytes4, but only 6 remain
r z#bytes4 byte count > sys.maxsize: %dz1expected %d bytes in a bytes4, but only %d remainN)r- r �sys�maxsizer" r! r' )r# r r$ r r r � read_bytes4 s
rM �bytes4z�A counted bytes string.
The first argument is a 4-byte little-endian unsigned int giving
the number of bytes, and the second argument is that many bytes.
c C s\ t | �}|dkst�|tjkr*td| ��| j|�}t|�|krD|S td|t|�f ��dS )a�
>>> import io, struct, sys
>>> read_bytes8(io.BytesIO(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00abc"))
b''
>>> read_bytes8(io.BytesIO(b"\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00abcdef"))
b'abc'
>>> bigsize8 = struct.pack("<Q", sys.maxsize//3)
>>> read_bytes8(io.BytesIO(bigsize8 + b"abcdef")) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: expected ... bytes in a bytes8, but only 6 remain
r z#bytes8 byte count > sys.maxsize: %dz1expected %d bytes in a bytes8, but only %d remainN)r0 r rK rL r" r! r' )r# r r$ r r r � read_bytes83 s
rO �bytes8z�A counted bytes string.
The first argument is an 8-byte little-endian unsigned int giving
the number of bytes, and the second argument is that many bytes.
c C s0 | j � }|jd�std��|dd� }t|d�S )zm
>>> import io
>>> read_unicodestringnl(io.BytesIO(b"abc\\uabcd\njunk")) == 'abc\uabcd'
True
r2 z4no newline found when trying to read unicodestringnlNr zraw-unicode-escaper6 )r7 r8 r" r )r# r$ r r r �read_unicodestringnlU s
rQ �unicodestringnlz�A newline-terminated Unicode string.
This is raw-unicode-escape encoded, so consists of
printable ASCII characters, and may contain embedded
escape sequences.
c C sN t | �}|dkst�| j|�}t|�|kr6t|dd�S td|t|�f ��dS )a�
>>> import io
>>> s = 'abcd\uabcd'
>>> enc = s.encode('utf-8')
>>> enc
b'abcd\xea\xaf\x8d'
>>> n = bytes([len(enc)]) # little-endian 1-byte length
>>> t = read_unicodestring1(io.BytesIO(n + enc + b'junk'))
>>> s == t
True
>>> read_unicodestring1(io.BytesIO(n + enc[:-1]))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: expected 7 bytes in a unicodestring1, but only 6 remain
r zutf-8�
surrogatepassz9expected %d bytes in a unicodestring1, but only %d remainN)r% r r! r' r r" )r# r r$ r r r �read_unicodestring1o s
rT �unicodestring1aA A counted Unicode string.
The first argument is a 1-byte little-endian signed int
giving the number of bytes in the string, and the second
argument-- the UTF-8 encoding of the Unicode string --
contains that many bytes.
c C sd t | �}|dkst�|tjkr*td| ��| j|�}t|�|krLt|dd�S td|t|�f ��dS )a�
>>> import io
>>> s = 'abcd\uabcd'
>>> enc = s.encode('utf-8')
>>> enc
b'abcd\xea\xaf\x8d'
>>> n = bytes([len(enc), 0, 0, 0]) # little-endian 4-byte length
>>> t = read_unicodestring4(io.BytesIO(n + enc + b'junk'))
>>> s == t
True
>>> read_unicodestring4(io.BytesIO(n + enc[:-1]))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: expected 7 bytes in a unicodestring4, but only 6 remain
r z+unicodestring4 byte count > sys.maxsize: %dzutf-8rS z9expected %d bytes in a unicodestring4, but only %d remainN)r- r rK rL r" r! r' r )r# r r$ r r r �read_unicodestring4� s
rV �unicodestring4aA A counted Unicode string.
The first argument is a 4-byte little-endian signed int
giving the number of bytes in the string, and the second
argument-- the UTF-8 encoding of the Unicode string --
contains that many bytes.
c C sd t | �}|dkst�|tjkr*td| ��| j|�}t|�|krLt|dd�S td|t|�f ��dS )a�
>>> import io
>>> s = 'abcd\uabcd'
>>> enc = s.encode('utf-8')
>>> enc
b'abcd\xea\xaf\x8d'
>>> n = bytes([len(enc)]) + b'\0' * 7 # little-endian 8-byte length
>>> t = read_unicodestring8(io.BytesIO(n + enc + b'junk'))
>>> s == t
True
>>> read_unicodestring8(io.BytesIO(n + enc[:-1]))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: expected 7 bytes in a unicodestring8, but only 6 remain
r z+unicodestring8 byte count > sys.maxsize: %dzutf-8rS z9expected %d bytes in a unicodestring8, but only %d remainN)r0 r rK rL r" r! r' r )r# r r$ r r r �read_unicodestring8� s
rX �unicodestring8aB A counted Unicode string.
The first argument is an 8-byte little-endian signed int
giving the number of bytes in the string, and the second
argument-- the UTF-8 encoding of the Unicode string --
contains that many bytes.
c C s. t | ddd�}|dkrdS |dkr&dS t|�S )z�
>>> import io
>>> read_decimalnl_short(io.BytesIO(b"1234\n56"))
1234
>>> read_decimalnl_short(io.BytesIO(b"1234L\n56"))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: b'1234L'
F)r< r= s 00s 01T)r? r )r# �sr r r �read_decimalnl_short� s r[ c C s2 t | ddd�}|dd� dkr*|dd� }t|�S )z�
>>> import io
>>> read_decimalnl_long(io.BytesIO(b"1234L\n56"))
1234
>>> read_decimalnl_long(io.BytesIO(b"123456789012345678901234L\n6"))
123456789012345678901234
F)r< r= r N� Lr6 r6 )r? r )r# rZ r r r �read_decimalnl_long� s r] �decimalnl_shorta� A newline-terminated decimal integer literal.
This never has a trailing 'L', and the integer fit
in a short Python int on the box where the pickle
was written -- but there's no guarantee it will fit
in a short Python int on the box where the pickle
is read.
�decimalnl_longz�A newline-terminated decimal integer literal.
This has a trailing 'L', and can represent integers
of any size.
c C s t | ddd�}t|�S )zO
>>> import io
>>> read_floatnl(io.BytesIO(b"-1.25\n6"))
-1.25
F)r< r= )r? �float)r# rZ r r r � read_floatnl' s ra �floatnla� A newline-terminated decimal floating literal.
In general this requires 17 significant digits for roundtrip
identity, and pickling then unpickling infinities, NaNs, and
minus zero doesn't work across boxes, or on some boxes even
on itself (e.g., Windows can't read the strings it produces
for infinities or NaNs).
c C s0 | j d�}t|�dkr$td|�d S td��dS )z�
>>> import io, struct
>>> raw = struct.pack(">d", -1.25)
>>> raw
b'\xbf\xf4\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
>>> read_float8(io.BytesIO(raw + b"\n"))
-1.25
r/ z>dr z(not enough data in stream to read float8N)r! r' r( r" )r# r$ r r r � read_float8= s
rc �float8a An 8-byte binary representation of a float, big-endian.
The format is unique to Python, and shared with the struct
module (format string '>d') "in theory" (the struct and pickle
implementations don't share the code -- they should). It's
strongly related to the IEEE-754 double format, and, in normal
cases, is in fact identical to the big-endian 754 double format.
On other boxes the dynamic range is limited to that of a 754
double, and "add a half and chop" rounding is used to reduce
the precision to 53 bits. However, even on a 754 box,
infinities, NaNs, and minus zero may not be handled correctly
(may not survive roundtrip pickling intact).
)� decode_longc C s. t | �}| j|�}t|�|kr&td��t|�S )a+
>>> import io
>>> read_long1(io.BytesIO(b"\x00"))
0
>>> read_long1(io.BytesIO(b"\x02\xff\x00"))
255
>>> read_long1(io.BytesIO(b"\x02\xff\x7f"))
32767
>>> read_long1(io.BytesIO(b"\x02\x00\xff"))
-256
>>> read_long1(io.BytesIO(b"\x02\x00\x80"))
-32768
z'not enough data in stream to read long1)r% r! r' r" re )r# r r$ r r r �
read_long1c s
rf �long1a A binary long, little-endian, using 1-byte size.
This first reads one byte as an unsigned size, then reads that
many bytes and interprets them as a little-endian 2's-complement long.
If the size is 0, that's taken as a shortcut for the long 0L.
c C sB t | �}|dk r td| ��| j|�}t|�|kr:td��t|�S )ag
>>> import io
>>> read_long4(io.BytesIO(b"\x02\x00\x00\x00\xff\x00"))
255
>>> read_long4(io.BytesIO(b"\x02\x00\x00\x00\xff\x7f"))
32767
>>> read_long4(io.BytesIO(b"\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\xff"))
-256
>>> read_long4(io.BytesIO(b"\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x80"))
-32768
>>> read_long1(io.BytesIO(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"))
0
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then instead (and in any case where # of bytes < 256).
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�GET�gz�Read an object from the memo and push it on the stack.
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ints and object names.
In order to guarantee pickle interchangeability, the extension
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stack, so unpickling subclasses can override this form of lookup.
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by a __reduce__ method. Applying the callable to the argtuple is
supposed to reproduce the original object, or at least get it started.
If the __reduce__ method returns a 3-tuple, the last component is an
argument to be passed to the object's __setstate__, and then the REDUCE
opcode is followed by code to create setstate's argument, and then a
BUILD opcode to apply __setstate__ to that argument.
If not isinstance(callable, type), REDUCE complains unless the
callable has been registered with the copyreg module's
safe_constructors dict, or the callable has a magic
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why it does this, but I've sure seen this complaint often enough when
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INST is followed by two newline-terminated strings, giving a
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is used to get a class object.
In addition, all the objects on the stack following the topmost
markobject are gathered into a tuple and popped (along with the
topmost markobject), just as for the TUPLE opcode.
Now it gets complicated. If all of these are true:
+ The argtuple is empty (markobject was at the top of the stack
at the start).
+ The class object does not have a __getinitargs__ attribute.
then we want to create an old-style class instance without invoking
its __init__() method (pickle has waffled on this over the years; not
calling __init__() is current wisdom). In this case, an instance of
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__class__ attribute to the desired class object. If this succeeds,
the new instance object is pushed on the stack, and we're done.
Else (the argtuple is not empty, it's not an old-style class object,
or the class object does have a __getinitargs__ attribute), the code
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attribute. Unlike as for the __safe_for_unpickling__ check in REDUCE,
it doesn't matter whether this attribute has a true or false value, it
only matters whether it exists (XXX this is a bug). If
__safe_for_unpickling__ doesn't exist, UnpicklingError is raised.
Else (the class object does have a __safe_for_unpickling__ attr),
the class object obtained from INST's arguments is applied to the
argtuple obtained from the stack, and the resulting instance object
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NOTE: the distinction between old-style and new-style classes does
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can be much more efficient (in both time and space) than repeatedly
embedding the module and class names in INST opcodes.
Unlike INST, OBJ takes no arguments from the opcode stream. Instead
the class object is taken off the stack, immediately above the
topmost markobject:
Stack before: ... markobject classobject stackslice
Stack after: ... new_instance_object
As for INST, the remainder of the stack above the markobject is
gathered into an argument tuple, and then the logic seems identical,
except that no __safe_for_unpickling__ check is done (XXX this is
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NOTE: In Python 2.3, INST and OBJ are identical except for how they
get the class object. That was always the intent; the implementations
had diverged for accidental reasons.
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Z NEWOBJ_EX� au Build an object instance.
The stack before should be thought of as containing a class
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�PROTO� z�Protocol version indicator.
For protocol 2 and above, a pickle must start with this opcode.
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�STOP�.z�Stop the unpickling machine.
Every pickle ends with this opcode. The object at the top of the stack
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�FRAME� z�Indicate the beginning of a new frame.
The unpickler may use this opcode to safely prefetch data from its
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The pickle module doesn't define what a persistent ID means. PERSID's
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The unpickler passes this string to self.persistent_load(). Whatever
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� |j|� q4W td ||d� |�rptd | ��dS )(aK Produce a symbolic disassembly of a pickle.
'pickle' is a file-like object, or string, containing a (at least one)
pickle. The pickle is disassembled from the current position, through
the first STOP opcode encountered.
Optional arg 'out' is a file-like object to which the disassembly is
printed. It defaults to sys.stdout.
Optional arg 'memo' is a Python dict, used as the pickle's memo. It
may be mutated by dis(), if the pickle contains PUT or BINPUT opcodes.
Passing the same memo object to another dis() call then allows disassembly
to proceed across multiple pickles that were all created by the same
pickler with the same memo. Ordinarily you don't need to worry about this.
Optional arg 'indentlevel' is the number of blanks by which to indent
a new MARK level. It defaults to 4.
Optional arg 'annotate' if nonzero instructs dis() to add short
description of the opcode on each line of disassembled output.
The value given to 'annotate' must be an integer and is used as a
hint for the column where annotation should start. The default
value is 0, meaning no annotations.
In addition to printing the disassembly, some sanity checks are made:
+ All embedded opcode arguments "make sense".
+ Explicit and implicit pop operations have enough items on the stack.
+ When an opcode implicitly refers to a markobject, a markobject is
actually on the stack.
+ A memo entry isn't referenced before it's defined.
+ The markobject isn't stored in the memo.
+ A memo entry isn't redefined.
Nr � z%5d:)�end�filez %-4s %s%sr� z (MARK at unknown opcode offset)z (MARK at %d)r zno MARK exists on stackr� r� r� r� z(as %d)zmemo key %r already definedz'stack is empty -- can't store into memoz"can't store markobject in the memor� r� r� z&memo key %r has never been stored into�
�2 r� )r� z3tries to pop %d items from stack with only %d itemsz highest protocol among opcodes =z stack not empty after STOP: %rr6 r6 r6 r6 r6 )r� r� r� r� r6 r6 )r� r� r� )r r� �reprry r' r �maxr} r{ r| �
markobjectr rw �pop�indexr" r �splitr� �extend)r~ r� �memo� indentlevel�annotate�stackZmaxprotoZ markstackZ indentchunkZerrormsgZannocolr� rz r� �lineZbefore�afterZnumtopopZmarkmsgZmarkposZmemo_idxr r r r % s� -
c @ s e Zd Zdd� ZdS )�_Examplec C s
|| _ d S )N)�value)r r r r r r � s z_Example.__init__N)r r r r r r r r r � s r a�
>>> import pickle
>>> x = [1, 2, (3, 4), {b'abc': "def"}]
>>> pkl0 = pickle.dumps(x, 0)
>>> dis(pkl0)
0: ( MARK
1: l LIST (MARK at 0)
2: p PUT 0
5: L LONG 1
9: a APPEND
10: L LONG 2
14: a APPEND
15: ( MARK
16: L LONG 3
20: L LONG 4
24: t TUPLE (MARK at 15)
25: p PUT 1
28: a APPEND
29: ( MARK
30: d DICT (MARK at 29)
31: p PUT 2
34: c GLOBAL '_codecs encode'
50: p PUT 3
53: ( MARK
54: V UNICODE 'abc'
59: p PUT 4
62: V UNICODE 'latin1'
70: p PUT 5
73: t TUPLE (MARK at 53)
74: p PUT 6
77: R REDUCE
78: p PUT 7
81: V UNICODE 'def'
86: p PUT 8
89: s SETITEM
90: a APPEND
91: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
Try again with a "binary" pickle.
>>> pkl1 = pickle.dumps(x, 1)
>>> dis(pkl1)
0: ] EMPTY_LIST
1: q BINPUT 0
3: ( MARK
4: K BININT1 1
6: K BININT1 2
8: ( MARK
9: K BININT1 3
11: K BININT1 4
13: t TUPLE (MARK at 8)
14: q BINPUT 1
16: } EMPTY_DICT
17: q BINPUT 2
19: c GLOBAL '_codecs encode'
35: q BINPUT 3
37: ( MARK
38: X BINUNICODE 'abc'
46: q BINPUT 4
48: X BINUNICODE 'latin1'
59: q BINPUT 5
61: t TUPLE (MARK at 37)
62: q BINPUT 6
64: R REDUCE
65: q BINPUT 7
67: X BINUNICODE 'def'
75: q BINPUT 8
77: s SETITEM
78: e APPENDS (MARK at 3)
79: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 1
Exercise the INST/OBJ/BUILD family.
>>> import pickletools
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(pickletools.dis, 0))
0: c GLOBAL 'pickletools dis'
17: p PUT 0
20: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
>>> from pickletools import _Example
>>> x = [_Example(42)] * 2
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(x, 0))
0: ( MARK
1: l LIST (MARK at 0)
2: p PUT 0
5: c GLOBAL 'copy_reg _reconstructor'
30: p PUT 1
33: ( MARK
34: c GLOBAL 'pickletools _Example'
56: p PUT 2
59: c GLOBAL '__builtin__ object'
79: p PUT 3
82: N NONE
83: t TUPLE (MARK at 33)
84: p PUT 4
87: R REDUCE
88: p PUT 5
91: ( MARK
92: d DICT (MARK at 91)
93: p PUT 6
96: V UNICODE 'value'
103: p PUT 7
106: L LONG 42
111: s SETITEM
112: b BUILD
113: a APPEND
114: g GET 5
117: a APPEND
118: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(x, 1))
0: ] EMPTY_LIST
1: q BINPUT 0
3: ( MARK
4: c GLOBAL 'copy_reg _reconstructor'
29: q BINPUT 1
31: ( MARK
32: c GLOBAL 'pickletools _Example'
54: q BINPUT 2
56: c GLOBAL '__builtin__ object'
76: q BINPUT 3
78: N NONE
79: t TUPLE (MARK at 31)
80: q BINPUT 4
82: R REDUCE
83: q BINPUT 5
85: } EMPTY_DICT
86: q BINPUT 6
88: X BINUNICODE 'value'
98: q BINPUT 7
100: K BININT1 42
102: s SETITEM
103: b BUILD
104: h BINGET 5
106: e APPENDS (MARK at 3)
107: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 1
Try "the canonical" recursive-object test.
>>> L = []
>>> T = L,
>>> L.append(T)
>>> L[0] is T
True
>>> T[0] is L
True
>>> L[0][0] is L
True
>>> T[0][0] is T
True
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(L, 0))
0: ( MARK
1: l LIST (MARK at 0)
2: p PUT 0
5: ( MARK
6: g GET 0
9: t TUPLE (MARK at 5)
10: p PUT 1
13: a APPEND
14: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(L, 1))
0: ] EMPTY_LIST
1: q BINPUT 0
3: ( MARK
4: h BINGET 0
6: t TUPLE (MARK at 3)
7: q BINPUT 1
9: a APPEND
10: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 1
Note that, in the protocol 0 pickle of the recursive tuple, the disassembler
has to emulate the stack in order to realize that the POP opcode at 16 gets
rid of the MARK at 0.
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(T, 0))
0: ( MARK
1: ( MARK
2: l LIST (MARK at 1)
3: p PUT 0
6: ( MARK
7: g GET 0
10: t TUPLE (MARK at 6)
11: p PUT 1
14: a APPEND
15: 0 POP
16: 0 POP (MARK at 0)
17: g GET 1
20: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(T, 1))
0: ( MARK
1: ] EMPTY_LIST
2: q BINPUT 0
4: ( MARK
5: h BINGET 0
7: t TUPLE (MARK at 4)
8: q BINPUT 1
10: a APPEND
11: 1 POP_MARK (MARK at 0)
12: h BINGET 1
14: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 1
Try protocol 2.
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(L, 2))
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: ] EMPTY_LIST
3: q BINPUT 0
5: h BINGET 0
7: \x85 TUPLE1
8: q BINPUT 1
10: a APPEND
11: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(T, 2))
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: ] EMPTY_LIST
3: q BINPUT 0
5: h BINGET 0
7: \x85 TUPLE1
8: q BINPUT 1
10: a APPEND
11: 0 POP
12: h BINGET 1
14: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
Try protocol 3 with annotations:
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(T, 3), annotate=1)
0: \x80 PROTO 3 Protocol version indicator.
2: ] EMPTY_LIST Push an empty list.
3: q BINPUT 0 Store the stack top into the memo. The stack is not popped.
5: h BINGET 0 Read an object from the memo and push it on the stack.
7: \x85 TUPLE1 Build a one-tuple out of the topmost item on the stack.
8: q BINPUT 1 Store the stack top into the memo. The stack is not popped.
10: a APPEND Append an object to a list.
11: 0 POP Discard the top stack item, shrinking the stack by one item.
12: h BINGET 1 Read an object from the memo and push it on the stack.
14: . STOP Stop the unpickling machine.
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
a=
>>> import pickle
>>> import io
>>> f = io.BytesIO()
>>> p = pickle.Pickler(f, 2)
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> p.dump(x)
>>> p.dump(x)
>>> f.seek(0)
0
>>> memo = {}
>>> dis(f, memo=memo)
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: ] EMPTY_LIST
3: q BINPUT 0
5: ( MARK
6: K BININT1 1
8: K BININT1 2
10: K BININT1 3
12: e APPENDS (MARK at 5)
13: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
>>> dis(f, memo=memo)
14: \x80 PROTO 2
16: h BINGET 0
18: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
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