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# pool/impl.py
# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
# <see AUTHORS file>
#
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
"""Pool implementation classes.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import threading
import traceback
import typing
from typing import Any
from typing import cast
from typing import List
from typing import Optional
from typing import Set
from typing import Type
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
from typing import Union
import weakref
from .base import _AsyncConnDialect
from .base import _ConnectionFairy
from .base import _ConnectionRecord
from .base import _CreatorFnType
from .base import _CreatorWRecFnType
from .base import ConnectionPoolEntry
from .base import Pool
from .base import PoolProxiedConnection
from .. import exc
from .. import util
from ..util import chop_traceback
from ..util import queue as sqla_queue
from ..util.typing import Literal
if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
from ..engine.interfaces import DBAPIConnection
class QueuePool(Pool):
"""A :class:`_pool.Pool`
that imposes a limit on the number of open connections.
:class:`.QueuePool` is the default pooling implementation used for
all :class:`_engine.Engine` objects other than SQLite with a ``:memory:``
database.
The :class:`.QueuePool` class **is not compatible** with asyncio and
:func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`. The
:class:`.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool` class is used automatically when
using :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`, if no other kind of pool
is specified.
.. seealso::
:class:`.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool`
"""
_is_asyncio = False # type: ignore[assignment]
_queue_class: Type[sqla_queue.QueueCommon[ConnectionPoolEntry]] = (
sqla_queue.Queue
)
_pool: sqla_queue.QueueCommon[ConnectionPoolEntry]
def __init__(
self,
creator: Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType],
pool_size: int = 5,
max_overflow: int = 10,
timeout: float = 30.0,
use_lifo: bool = False,
**kw: Any,
):
r"""
Construct a QueuePool.
:param creator: a callable function that returns a DB-API
connection object, same as that of :paramref:`_pool.Pool.creator`.
:param pool_size: The size of the pool to be maintained,
defaults to 5. This is the largest number of connections that
will be kept persistently in the pool. Note that the pool
begins with no connections; once this number of connections
is requested, that number of connections will remain.
``pool_size`` can be set to 0 to indicate no size limit; to
disable pooling, use a :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.NullPool`
instead.
:param max_overflow: The maximum overflow size of the
pool. When the number of checked-out connections reaches the
size set in pool_size, additional connections will be
returned up to this limit. When those additional connections
are returned to the pool, they are disconnected and
discarded. It follows then that the total number of
simultaneous connections the pool will allow is pool_size +
`max_overflow`, and the total number of "sleeping"
connections the pool will allow is pool_size. `max_overflow`
can be set to -1 to indicate no overflow limit; no limit
will be placed on the total number of concurrent
connections. Defaults to 10.
:param timeout: The number of seconds to wait before giving up
on returning a connection. Defaults to 30.0. This can be a float
but is subject to the limitations of Python time functions which
may not be reliable in the tens of milliseconds.
:param use_lifo: use LIFO (last-in-first-out) when retrieving
connections instead of FIFO (first-in-first-out). Using LIFO, a
server-side timeout scheme can reduce the number of connections used
during non-peak periods of use. When planning for server-side
timeouts, ensure that a recycle or pre-ping strategy is in use to
gracefully handle stale connections.
.. versionadded:: 1.3
.. seealso::
:ref:`pool_use_lifo`
:ref:`pool_disconnects`
:param \**kw: Other keyword arguments including
:paramref:`_pool.Pool.recycle`, :paramref:`_pool.Pool.echo`,
:paramref:`_pool.Pool.reset_on_return` and others are passed to the
:class:`_pool.Pool` constructor.
"""
Pool.__init__(self, creator, **kw)
self._pool = self._queue_class(pool_size, use_lifo=use_lifo)
self._overflow = 0 - pool_size
self._max_overflow = -1 if pool_size == 0 else max_overflow
self._timeout = timeout
self._overflow_lock = threading.Lock()
def _do_return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
try:
self._pool.put(record, False)
except sqla_queue.Full:
try:
record.close()
finally:
self._dec_overflow()
def _do_get(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
use_overflow = self._max_overflow > -1
wait = use_overflow and self._overflow >= self._max_overflow
try:
return self._pool.get(wait, self._timeout)
except sqla_queue.Empty:
# don't do things inside of "except Empty", because when we say
# we timed out or can't connect and raise, Python 3 tells
# people the real error is queue.Empty which it isn't.
pass
if use_overflow and self._overflow >= self._max_overflow:
if not wait:
return self._do_get()
else:
raise exc.TimeoutError(
"QueuePool limit of size %d overflow %d reached, "
"connection timed out, timeout %0.2f"
% (self.size(), self.overflow(), self._timeout),
code="3o7r",
)
if self._inc_overflow():
try:
return self._create_connection()
except:
with util.safe_reraise():
self._dec_overflow()
raise
else:
return self._do_get()
def _inc_overflow(self) -> bool:
if self._max_overflow == -1:
self._overflow += 1
return True
with self._overflow_lock:
if self._overflow < self._max_overflow:
self._overflow += 1
return True
else:
return False
def _dec_overflow(self) -> Literal[True]:
if self._max_overflow == -1:
self._overflow -= 1
return True
with self._overflow_lock:
self._overflow -= 1
return True
def recreate(self) -> QueuePool:
self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
return self.__class__(
self._creator,
pool_size=self._pool.maxsize,
max_overflow=self._max_overflow,
pre_ping=self._pre_ping,
use_lifo=self._pool.use_lifo,
timeout=self._timeout,
recycle=self._recycle,
echo=self.echo,
logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
_dispatch=self.dispatch,
dialect=self._dialect,
)
def dispose(self) -> None:
while True:
try:
conn = self._pool.get(False)
conn.close()
except sqla_queue.Empty:
break
self._overflow = 0 - self.size()
self.logger.info("Pool disposed. %s", self.status())
def status(self) -> str:
return (
"Pool size: %d Connections in pool: %d "
"Current Overflow: %d Current Checked out "
"connections: %d"
% (
self.size(),
self.checkedin(),
self.overflow(),
self.checkedout(),
)
)
def size(self) -> int:
return self._pool.maxsize
def timeout(self) -> float:
return self._timeout
def checkedin(self) -> int:
return self._pool.qsize()
def overflow(self) -> int:
return self._overflow if self._pool.maxsize else 0
def checkedout(self) -> int:
return self._pool.maxsize - self._pool.qsize() + self._overflow
class AsyncAdaptedQueuePool(QueuePool):
"""An asyncio-compatible version of :class:`.QueuePool`.
This pool is used by default when using :class:`.AsyncEngine` engines that
were generated from :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`. It uses an
asyncio-compatible queue implementation that does not use
``threading.Lock``.
The arguments and operation of :class:`.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool` are
otherwise identical to that of :class:`.QueuePool`.
"""
_is_asyncio = True # type: ignore[assignment]
_queue_class: Type[sqla_queue.QueueCommon[ConnectionPoolEntry]] = (
sqla_queue.AsyncAdaptedQueue
)
_dialect = _AsyncConnDialect()
class FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool(AsyncAdaptedQueuePool):
_queue_class = sqla_queue.FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueue
class NullPool(Pool):
"""A Pool which does not pool connections.
Instead it literally opens and closes the underlying DB-API connection
per each connection open/close.
Reconnect-related functions such as ``recycle`` and connection
invalidation are not supported by this Pool implementation, since
no connections are held persistently.
The :class:`.NullPool` class **is compatible** with asyncio and
:func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`.
"""
def status(self) -> str:
return "NullPool"
def _do_return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
record.close()
def _do_get(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
return self._create_connection()
def recreate(self) -> NullPool:
self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
return self.__class__(
self._creator,
recycle=self._recycle,
echo=self.echo,
logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
pre_ping=self._pre_ping,
_dispatch=self.dispatch,
dialect=self._dialect,
)
def dispose(self) -> None:
pass
class SingletonThreadPool(Pool):
"""A Pool that maintains one connection per thread.
Maintains one connection per each thread, never moving a connection to a
thread other than the one which it was created in.
.. warning:: the :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` will call ``.close()``
on arbitrary connections that exist beyond the size setting of
``pool_size``, e.g. if more unique **thread identities**
than what ``pool_size`` states are used. This cleanup is
non-deterministic and not sensitive to whether or not the connections
linked to those thread identities are currently in use.
:class:`.SingletonThreadPool` may be improved in a future release,
however in its current status it is generally used only for test
scenarios using a SQLite ``:memory:`` database and is not recommended
for production use.
The :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` class **is not compatible** with asyncio
and :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`.
Options are the same as those of :class:`_pool.Pool`, as well as:
:param pool_size: The number of threads in which to maintain connections
at once. Defaults to five.
:class:`.SingletonThreadPool` is used by the SQLite dialect
automatically when a memory-based database is used.
See :ref:`sqlite_toplevel`.
"""
_is_asyncio = False # type: ignore[assignment]
def __init__(
self,
creator: Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType],
pool_size: int = 5,
**kw: Any,
):
Pool.__init__(self, creator, **kw)
self._conn = threading.local()
self._fairy = threading.local()
self._all_conns: Set[ConnectionPoolEntry] = set()
self.size = pool_size
def recreate(self) -> SingletonThreadPool:
self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
return self.__class__(
self._creator,
pool_size=self.size,
recycle=self._recycle,
echo=self.echo,
pre_ping=self._pre_ping,
logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
_dispatch=self.dispatch,
dialect=self._dialect,
)
def dispose(self) -> None:
"""Dispose of this pool."""
for conn in self._all_conns:
try:
conn.close()
except Exception:
# pysqlite won't even let you close a conn from a thread
# that didn't create it
pass
self._all_conns.clear()
def _cleanup(self) -> None:
while len(self._all_conns) >= self.size:
c = self._all_conns.pop()
c.close()
def status(self) -> str:
return "SingletonThreadPool id:%d size: %d" % (
id(self),
len(self._all_conns),
)
def _do_return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
try:
del self._fairy.current
except AttributeError:
pass
def _do_get(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
try:
if TYPE_CHECKING:
c = cast(ConnectionPoolEntry, self._conn.current())
else:
c = self._conn.current()
if c:
return c
except AttributeError:
pass
c = self._create_connection()
self._conn.current = weakref.ref(c)
if len(self._all_conns) >= self.size:
self._cleanup()
self._all_conns.add(c)
return c
def connect(self) -> PoolProxiedConnection:
# vendored from Pool to include the now removed use_threadlocal
# behavior
try:
rec = cast(_ConnectionFairy, self._fairy.current())
except AttributeError:
pass
else:
if rec is not None:
return rec._checkout_existing()
return _ConnectionFairy._checkout(self, self._fairy)
class StaticPool(Pool):
"""A Pool of exactly one connection, used for all requests.
Reconnect-related functions such as ``recycle`` and connection
invalidation (which is also used to support auto-reconnect) are only
partially supported right now and may not yield good results.
The :class:`.StaticPool` class **is compatible** with asyncio and
:func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`.
"""
@util.memoized_property
def connection(self) -> _ConnectionRecord:
return _ConnectionRecord(self)
def status(self) -> str:
return "StaticPool"
def dispose(self) -> None:
if (
"connection" in self.__dict__
and self.connection.dbapi_connection is not None
):
self.connection.close()
del self.__dict__["connection"]
def recreate(self) -> StaticPool:
self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
return self.__class__(
creator=self._creator,
recycle=self._recycle,
reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
pre_ping=self._pre_ping,
echo=self.echo,
logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
_dispatch=self.dispatch,
dialect=self._dialect,
)
def _transfer_from(self, other_static_pool: StaticPool) -> None:
# used by the test suite to make a new engine / pool without
# losing the state of an existing SQLite :memory: connection
def creator(rec: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> DBAPIConnection:
conn = other_static_pool.connection.dbapi_connection
assert conn is not None
return conn
self._invoke_creator = creator
def _create_connection(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
raise NotImplementedError()
def _do_return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
pass
def _do_get(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
rec = self.connection
if rec._is_hard_or_soft_invalidated():
del self.__dict__["connection"]
rec = self.connection
return rec
class AssertionPool(Pool):
"""A :class:`_pool.Pool` that allows at most one checked out connection at
any given time.
This will raise an exception if more than one connection is checked out
at a time. Useful for debugging code that is using more connections
than desired.
The :class:`.AssertionPool` class **is compatible** with asyncio and
:func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`.
"""
_conn: Optional[ConnectionPoolEntry]
_checkout_traceback: Optional[List[str]]
def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any):
self._conn = None
self._checked_out = False
self._store_traceback = kw.pop("store_traceback", True)
self._checkout_traceback = None
Pool.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
def status(self) -> str:
return "AssertionPool"
def _do_return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
if not self._checked_out:
raise AssertionError("connection is not checked out")
self._checked_out = False
assert record is self._conn
def dispose(self) -> None:
self._checked_out = False
if self._conn:
self._conn.close()
def recreate(self) -> AssertionPool:
self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
return self.__class__(
self._creator,
echo=self.echo,
pre_ping=self._pre_ping,
recycle=self._recycle,
reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
_dispatch=self.dispatch,
dialect=self._dialect,
)
def _do_get(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
if self._checked_out:
if self._checkout_traceback:
suffix = " at:\n%s" % "".join(
chop_traceback(self._checkout_traceback)
)
else:
suffix = ""
raise AssertionError("connection is already checked out" + suffix)
if not self._conn:
self._conn = self._create_connection()
self._checked_out = True
if self._store_traceback:
self._checkout_traceback = traceback.format_stack()
return self._conn
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